![]() Wrap-up on Software 133 Part III: Communications 135 8. Learning to Program 115 7.1 Programming Language Concepts 116 7.2 A First JavaScript Program 117 7.3 A Second JavaScript Program 119 7.4 Loops and Conditionals 120 7.5 JavaScript Libraries and Interfaces 122 7.6 How JavaScript Works 124 7.7 A First Python Program 124 7.8 A Second Python Program 126 7.9 Python Libraries and Interfaces 127 7.10 How Python Works 130 7.11 Summary 130 ![]() Software Systems 95 6.1 Operating Systems 96 6.2 How an Operating System Works 101 6.2.1 System calls 102 6.2.2 Device drivers 103 6.3 Other Operating Systems 103 6.4 File Systems 104 6.4.1 Secondary storage file systems 106 6.4.2 Removing files 108 6.4.3 Other file systems 109 6.5 Applications 110 6.6 Layers of Software 112 6.7 Summary 114 7. Programming and Programming Languages 73 5.1 Assembly Language 74 5.2 High-Level Languages 75 5.3 Software Development 81 5.3.1 Libraries, interfaces, and development kits 82 5.3.2 Bugs 84 5.4 Intellectual Property 86 5.4.1 Trade secret 86 5.4.2 Trademark 87 5.4.3 Copyright 87ĥ.4.4 Patent 88 5.4.5 Licenses 89 5.5 Standards 91 5.6 Open Source Software 92 5.7 Summary 93 6. Algorithms 59 4.1 Linear Algorithms 60 4.2 Binary Search 62 4.3 Sorting 63 4.4 Hard Problems and Complexity 67 4.5 Summary 70 5. Inside the Processor 39 3.1 The Toy Computer 40 3.1.1 The first Toy program 40 3.1.2 The second Toy program 42 3.1.3 Branch instructions 43 3.1.4 Representation in memory 45 3.2 Real Processors 46 3.3 Caching 48 3.4 Other Kinds of Computers 49 3.5 Summary 51 Wrap-up on Hardware 53 Part II: Software 55 4. Bits, Bytes, and Representation of Information 25 2.1 Analog versus Digital 25 2.2 Analog-Digital Conversion 27 2.2.1 Digitizing images 27 2.2.2 Digitizing sound 28 2.2.3 Digitizing movies 31 2.2.4 Digitizing text 31 2.3 Bits, Bytes, and Binary 32 2.3.1 Bits 33 2.3.2 Powers of two and powers of ten 34 2.3.3 Binary numbers 35 2.3.4 Bytes 36Ģ.4 Summary 38 3. What Is a Computer? 11 1.1 Logical Construction 13 1.1.1 Processor 14 1.1.2 Primary memory 15 1.1.3 Secondary storage 16 1.1.4 Et cetera 18 1.2 Physical Construction 18 1.3 Moore’s Law 22 1.4 Summary 23 2. Preface xi Introduction 1 Part I: Hardware 7 1. ![]() ![]() The publisher would like to acknowledge the author of this volume for providing the print-ready files from which this book was printed. This book has been composed in Times, Courier and Helvetica using groff, ghostscript, and other open source Unix tools. Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to Published by Princeton University Press 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-9-7 ISBN (pbk.) 978-0-3 ISBN (e-book) 978-6-0 Version 1.0 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. If you wish to reproduce or distribute any part of it in any form, please obtain permission. Thank you for supporting free speech and the global exchange of ideas by purchasing an authorized edition of this book. Copyright promotes the progress and integrity of knowledge. Princeton University Press Princeton and OxfordĬopyright © 2021 by Princeton University Press Princeton University Press is committed to the protection of copyright and the intellectual property our authors entrust to us. ![]() Understanding the Digital World What You Need to Know about Computers, the Internet, Privacy, and Security Second Edition Brian W. Plauger) The C Programming Language (with Dennis Ritchie) The AWK Programming Language (with Al Aho and Peter Weinberger) The Unix Programming Environment (with Rob Pike) AMPL: A Modeling Language for Mathematical Programming (with Robert Fourer and David Gay) The Practice of Programming (with Rob Pike) Disfor Digital Hello, World: Opinion columns from the Daily Princetonian The Go Programming Language (with Alan Donovan) Millions, Billions, Zillions: Defending Yourself in a World of Too Many Numbers Unix: A History and a Memoir Plauger) Software Tools in Pascal (with P. Kernighan The Elements of Programming Style (with P. ![]()
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